Seth,
As Gloerson calculated out, the fundamental difference is that as the line gets shorter, the skier's path IS longer. While most of the other points are true, this is the fundamental reason why shorter lines are harder – you are traveling a longer distance in the same amount of time, therefore your average speed HAS to be faster. Generating more speed requires more tension on the line. There is no way around this fundamental point of physics.
Of course generating this extra tension and speed efficiently (feeling easy) and staying in control are the hard part. The rhythm, timing and mechanical alignment are critical to stay in control, but if you can't / don't generate more speed to begin with, none of that matters.
For those who's heads start to spin (or fall asleep) with the math, spend 5 minutes and try my little experiment. If a picture is worth a thousand words, that exercise is worth 10^6 words from the math geeks.